Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal
The Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal (E-BPJ) is the flagship journal of the Malaysian Association of Environment-Behaviour Researchers (AMER). The E-BPJ adheres to the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access: that users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles. It publishes selected, original, double-blind, peer-reviewed international conference proceedings on Environment-Behaviour (Environmental Psychology), General Psychology, and Quality of Life issues currently affecting Asian/African/Arabian communities living in both their home countries and other countries. The selected proceeding papers published were presented at multiple serial annual international conferences held worldwide since 2010, mainly organised by AMER and, where appropriate, jointly organised with the institutions of the international conference organising committee. The E-BPJ’s main goal is to disseminate original Environment-Behaviour (Environmental Psychology) research works internationally, particularly by researchers in Asia, Africa, and Arabia, though contributors from other countries are also most welcome. It's important to note that the views expressed in the proceeding papers, do not necessarily reflect the official stance of AMER. This policy encourages open discussion and diverse opinions in relation to the Environment-Behaviour (Environmental Psychology) studies. The E-BPJ is published by e-IPH Ltd UK.
e-International Publishing House (e-IPH) Limited, UK
Beyond Price Advantage: Shopping Experience and Value Perception in a Malaysian Duty-Free Island
Shopping tourism has become significant driver of destination competitiveness, particularly in duty-free island destinations where price advantage and experiential value intersect. This study explores the shopping behaviour and experiences of domestic tourists visiting Langkawi Island using a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews with fifteen tourists were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicate that affordability, product availability, and supporting facilities significantly influence shopping behaviour, while hedonic factors such as enjoyment and leisure integration enhance overall tourist satisfaction. The study highlights the importance of positioning shopping as a holistic tourism experience to strengthen destination appeal and competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azila Azmi, Hanani Ahmad Zubir, Mohd Faisal Abdul Wahab, Nensi Lapotulo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Home-Based Food Businesses Questionnaire Development: Expert Review Approach and Content Validation Index Analysis
Home-based food businesses (HBFBs) play an important role in Malaysia's economy by providing low-cost food for the market. But it often lacks standardized tools to assess food safety practices on its premises and in its production. Content validation questionnaires were developed and reviewed by experts to confirm the relevance, clarity, and suitability of each item in Pahang, Malaysia. The content validity of structured questionnaires established by using content validity index (CVI), scale content validity index (S-CVI), probability of chance agreement (Pc) and kappa (K*). 73 items listed in a structured table provided with a recommendation column for expert feedback.
Copyright (c) 2026 ZAHIDATUL FARIHAH ZAKARIA, ZAHIDATUL FARIHAH BINTI ZAKARIA, DR NOOR SUZANA BINTI OSMAN, Associate Professor Ts DR IBRAHIM BIN ABU BAKAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Service Quality in Muslim-Friendly RSAs Evidence From User Voices on Google Reviews
Rest and Service Areas (RSAs) play an important role in supporting Muslim-friendly travel experiences along Malaysia’s North-South Expressway. Despite Malaysia’s strong positioning as a Muslim-friendly tourism destination, limited attention has been given to the service quality of transit facilities such as prayer rooms, restaurants, and public washrooms. Using a qualitative case study approach, 120 Google Reviews from three selected RSAs were analysed through the SERVQUAL framework. The findings reveal that cleanliness, accessibility, comfort, and halal assurance strongly influence traveller satisfaction. Although the facilities were generally perceived positively, issues related to maintenance, accessibility, and operational quality remained recurring concerns.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Shuhadah Mohd, Nurul Ain Maslan, Samshul Amry Abdul Latif, Muhammad Fadhlullah Najimudin, Halim Dwi Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Enhancing tourist transport service experience: factors influencing customer satisfaction
Transportation accounts for a significant portion of tourism services, and improving its quality directly translates into improved overall tourism service quality. Many scientists have proven in their research that transport and tourism services play a significant role in the country's economic development. Transportation services offered to tourists are diverse, with transfers being the most common. The number of transfer service providers is growing daily, and competition among them is fierce. The main goal of our study was to improve the performance of transportation service providers for tourists. To this end, we analyzed the factors influencing customers' choice of transfer services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indirabonu Mukhtorova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
An Observational Study of Architectural Tourism Experience at Gyeongbokgung Palace Korea
This study explores the architectural tourism experience at Gyeongbokgung Palace using a non-participant observational approach. It examines how tourists interact with key architectural elements such as gates, ornaments, and pavilions in a real-world heritage setting. Findings show that spatial design, visual prominence, and accessibility influence tourist engagement, movement patterns, and emotional responses. Highly detailed structures attract longer attention, while open spaces encourage photography and social interaction. Overall, the study highlights how architectural layout and design shape tourist experience and engagement in heritage environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Farhani Abdullah, Mohd Hafizal Ismail, Noor Jalilah Jumaat, Ashirali Abdirashidov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Drivers of Revisit Intentions in the South Korean Tourism Sector: A Pilot Study
Revisit intention has emerged as a critical area of inquiry in the increasingly competitive global tourism landscape, where destinations continuously strive to retain visitors and encourage repeat travel. While a substantial body of literature has examined tourist satisfaction and loyalty, there remains a lack of clarity regarding the underlying motivations that drive repeat visitation and the distinctive characteristics that define repeat visitors. Addressing this gap, the present study aims to identify and analyse the key factors influencing repeat visits to South Korea, a destination that has experienced significant growth in international tourism, particularly through cultural exports. This research adopts a quantitative approach to examine the perceptions and motivations of repeat visitors. The findings reveal that cultural and experiential attributes play a central role in shaping revisit intentions. Specifically, elements associated with the Korean Wave (Hallyu) were found to be the most influential, including K-drama scenery, Korean pop music (K-pop), and the appeal of Korean drama celebrities. These factors not only enhance the destination’s image but also create emotional connections that encourage tourists to relive their experiences. In addition, tangible lifestyle components such as Korean cuisine and the country’s beauty industry—particularly cosmetics, makeup techniques, and hairstyling quality—were identified as significant motivators for repeat visits. The results further indicate that these attributes contribute strongly to destination loyalty. Respondents demonstrated a high level of attachment to South Korea, expressing clear intentions to revisit and a strong willingness to recommend the country to others as a preferred holiday destination. This suggests that repeat visitors are not only driven by satisfaction but also by a deeper sense of cultural affinity and experiential fulfillment. Overall, the study contributes to the understanding of repeat tourism behaviour by highlighting the importance of cultural influence, experiential consumption, and lifestyle appeal in shaping revisit intention. The findings provide valuable insights for destination marketers and policymakers in designing targeted strategies that leverage popular culture and enhance visitor experiences. By focusing on the attributes that resonate most with repeat visitors, South Korea can further strengthen its competitive position and sustain long-term tourism growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa Abukhalifeh, Mazni Saad, Li Chiang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Emotional Intelligence and Anthropomorphic Design in Service Robots: Effects on Guest Experience in Smart Hospitality
This study examines how service robot design influences customer experiences in hospitality, addressing the limits of technology acceptance models that overlook emotional and relational factors. Focusing on Hangzhou, it investigates how anthropomorphism and perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) shape customer emotions, mediate service experience, and interact with perceived risk of failure. Using survey data from 319 hotel guests and structural equation modeling, results show that anthropomorphism and PEI significantly enhance positive emotions, which fully mediate overall service evaluations. Perceived risk does not moderate these relationships. The study extends acceptance theory and highlights the importance of emotionally intelligent robot design in hospitality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa Abukhalifeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Coastal fishing communities are currently facing increasing economic pressures due to income uncertainty, climate change, declining marine resources, and structural market constraints that affect livelihood stability and household resilience. As a result, income diversification strategies have become essential to enhance resilience, reduce poverty risks, and support long-term socio-economic sustainability. In this context, ecotourism is increasingly recognized as a viable pathway for diversifying income, as it generates additional revenue while promoting environmental conservation and strengthening community participation in sustainable tourism development. This study develops and empirically validates a Multidimensional Composite Ecotourism Readiness Index (METRI) to assess the readiness of coastal fishing communities in Mersing, Malaysia, for ecotourism development. The index is constructed using questionnaire data based on multiple Likert-scale indicators that are standardized into a composite measure. The findings reveal that METRI demonstrates strong reliability and indicates a generally high level of readiness, although notable disparities exist across households. Key strengths include natural and marine resources, social capital and community engagement, and maritime culture and heritage, which provide a strong foundation for ecotourism development. However, limitations in attitudes toward participation, along with weaknesses in management and governance, remain critical constraints. Factor analysis confirms the robustness of the measurement model, while regression results show that training exposure significantly improves overall readiness, particularly in shaping positive attitudes and encouraging participation. These findings highlight the importance of capacity-building initiatives in strengthening community preparedness. Despite its contributions, this study is limited by its focus on a specific geographic area and reliance on cross-sectional self-reported data, which may affect generalizability and limit the ability to capture changes over time. Nevertheless, the study offers important implications by emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to improve financial literacy, governance capacity, and community engagement. Overall, the METRI provides a practical diagnostic tool for policymakers to identify readiness gaps and design effective strategies that promote sustainable income diversification and long-term community development in coastal regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norlida Hanim Mohd Salleh, Nurul Syafiza Che Nan, Trisetia Wijijayanti, Norshamliza Chamhuri, Suhaila Saad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Influence of Portuguese Colonial Heritage on Tourism Appeal and Community Engagement in Malacca: A Quantitative Analysis of Tourists and Local Residents
Malacca’s Portuguese colonial legacy is well-known UNESCO World Heritage Site situated in Malacca, Malaysia. The heritage site is expected to bring benefits to the local community and tourists. However, the extent to which this heritage contributes to tourism development and community engagement remains underexplored. In tourism research, one key problem identified is the lack of empirical models linking colonial heritage assets to tourist behaviour and local community participation. Compounding this issue is the rapid urbanisation and modernisation of Malacca. The rapid development in Malacca has introduced environmental and community challenges, including the erosion of historical authenticity, the displacement of local communities, and increases pressure on heritage sites. These problems have threatened the sustainability of heritage tourism by prioritising commercial development over cultural preservation. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to investigate the multifaceted influence of Portuguese colonial heritage on tourism dynamics and community involvement in Malacca. Data were collected from 300 respondents in a survey. Respondents were domestic, international tourists, and residents of the Portuguese Settlement. The findings of this research demonstrated that Portuguese heritage significantly enhances tourism appeal and visitor satisfaction. This eventually will increase revisit intentions. But at the same time, community engagement remains moderate, hindered by limited institutional support and economic opportunities. The study also shows the vulnerability of living heritage sites and the need for inclusive conservation strategies that empower local stakeholders. As a recommendation, policy interventions are needed, including community-based tourism programs and heritage education campaigns. What is also needed is inclusive economic incentives to strengthen local participation and ensure the long-term sustainability of Malacca's colonial legacy. These strategies offer practical guidance for policymakers to balance cultural preservation with equitable development amid urban transformation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Norshamliza Chamhuri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Role of Intelligence in Advancing Tourism Safety and Growth: A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis
Tourism safety is a key driver of destination competitiveness and sustainable development. This study examines the link between societal intelligence—proxied by average IQ—and tourism safety using cross-national data. Results reveal a significant positive relationship: higher cognitive capacity is associated with improved safety, stronger institutions, and greater visitor confidence. A reinforcing mechanism is identified in which safer environments further enhance institutional efficiency and knowledge accumulation. Additionally, the interaction between intelligence and safety positively influences tourism productivity. The findings underscore the importance of integrating human capital, education, and digital governance into tourism policy to strengthen resilience and performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurmukhammad Oppokkhonov, Mazni Saad, Alaa Abukhalifeh, Ahmed Al-Absi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
When Robots Feel Human: Rethinking Guest Experience in Smart Hospitality
This study examines how service robot design shapes customer experiences in the hospitality sector and responds to the accelerating shift toward automation in technologically advanced contexts such as Hangzhou, China. Despite the rapid adoption of service robots, a critical problem persists: existing technology acceptance models emphasize functional efficiency while overlooking the emotional and relational dimensions essential to hospitality experiences. Moreover, researchers have paid limited attention to how anthropomorphism and perceived emotional intelligence (PEI) jointly influence customer emotions, and to how perceived risk of service failure may alter these relationships. To address these gaps, this study aims to achieve three objectives. First, it evaluates the effects of anthropomorphism and PEI on customer emotional responses. Second, it analyzes how these emotional responses mediate overall service experience. Third, it tests whether perceived risk of service failure moderates these relationships. Drawing on the Service Robot Acceptance Model (SRAM), Anthropomorphism Theory, and Cognitive Appraisal Theory (CAT), the study develops a moderated-mediation framework that integrates both design attributes and customer perceptions. The study adopts a quantitative approach and collects data through a cross-sectional survey of 319 hotel guests in Hangzhou who have interacted with service robots. It analyzes the data using a two-step structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, conducting preliminary analysis in SPSS 26.0 and hypothesis testing in SmartPLS 4.0. It evaluates reliability, validity, mediation, and moderation systematically to ensure robustness. The findings show that anthropomorphism and PEI significantly enhance positive customer emotional responses, which in turn improve evaluations of the overall service experience. The results also confirm that emotional responses fully mediate these relationships, underscoring their central role in human–robot interaction. However, the analysis does not support the moderating effect of perceived risk of service failure, indicating that emotional engagement remains strong even when customers perceive potential risks. This study advances theory by extending technology acceptance frameworks to incorporate emotional and relational dynamics and by challenging assumptions about the role of perceived risk. In practice, it highlights the importance of hospitality managers designing emotionally intelligent, culturally sensitive robots that enhance guest satisfaction and service quality.
Spatial Mobility and Sense of Belonging: Micro Trajectories of Chinese Rural Migrants and Returnees
Quantitative migration studies often simplify Chinese rural migration to one-time events, overlooking micro-dynamic trajectories. Based on life history interviews with 33 rural migrants and returnees from the same rural area, this study identifies four trajectory types across urban administrative levels: move-up, move-down, drift-out, and shuttle. Findings reveal migration as a dynamic and continuous state. Crucially, regardless of spatial trajectories, most migrants maintain a strong sense of belonging to their rural hometown. This tension between high mobility and persistent identity affiliation challenges traditional integration narratives, underscoring the indispensable value of a humanistic perspective.
Copyright (c) 2026 He Lei, Yingming Mao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Life Course Spatial Mobility: Micro-trajectories and Patterns of Rural Migrants and Returnees
Since the 1980s, migration from rural to urban areas has become the main trend of population mobility in China. Existing quantitative studies often reduce population migration to cross-sectional aggregate data, thereby neglecting micro-level subjectivity, identity transformations, and the complex humanistic significance of the life course. To bridge this gap, this study adopts a micro-level life course perspective. Using the life history survey method, the research examines 33 rural migrants and returnees from Shuangfeng County, China. By employing a "triple biography" framework—encompassing socio-familial, migration, and occupational trajectories—this study reconstructs the participants' complete spatial mobility trajectories from their initial departure to their current residence. The findings reveal that rural migration is a highly dynamic and complex process. Individual migration trajectories are deeply intertwined with critical life events such as pursuing higher education, employment, and family formation. Based on the crossing of geographical and administrative boundaries, this study conceptualizes the spatial mobility trajectories into a fourfold typology: "Move up," "Move down," "Drift out," and "Shuttle". Specifically, "Move up" characterizes an upward regional shift driven by rational pursuits of better education and career prospects, predominantly among permanent migrants. "Move down" is primarily observed among returnees, representing a rational choice to relocate to smaller cities or hometowns after weighing life's pros and cons and securing a solid life foundation. "Drift out" reflects a pattern of multiple relocations across intra- and inter-provincial cities, characterized by a resolute determination to stay away from the hometown. Finally, "Shuttle" describes a fragmented, temporary mobility state in which individuals with unstable employment or income repeatedly move back and forth between their hometown and various cities. Through detailed qualitative cases, this research highlights the profound subjective nuances of population mobility. It provides micro-empirical evidence for understanding the spatial migration patterns of Chinese rural populations across different life stages and establishes a foundation for future inquiries into how emotional ties to places influence subsequent migration behaviors. A limitation of this study is that the sample consists of 33 respondents from a single village; covering more rural areas with population outflows would provide better micro-empirical evidence for spatial migration.
Copyright (c) 2026 He Lei, Mao Yingming https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of Digital Platforms on human cognition and mental health: A literature Review
As digital technology advances, digital platforms now play a big role in daily life. How people communicate, learn, and interact socially are all being affected by digital platforms. These platforms offer convenience and connect people worldwide, but overuse can harm cognitive skills and mental health. This study looks at recent research on how digital media use affects attention, memory, sleep, emotions, and addiction. The results reveal both benefits and drawbacks, highlighting the need for balanced digital habits to support cognitive and mental health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mansun Thapa, Barsha Tamang, Miksa Nembang, Thapa Smriti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Child-Led Learning Framework for Developing Holistic Children
Outdoor child-led learning is gaining wider attention as an important approach in early childhood education due to its role in promoting children’s holistic development, autonomy, and engagement. In Malaysia, this approach is aligned with the Kurikulum Prasekolah 2026 (KP2026), which emphasizes the need for flexible and natural learning environments to nurture young minds. However, its implementation remains inconsistent across preschools. Limited research has explored teachers’ experiences in facilitating outdoor child-led learning within the Malaysian context. While this approach is significant, its implementation remains inconsistent across Malaysian preschools, and limited research has explored teachers' experiences in facilitating these environments. Therefore, this study proposes a framework to foster holistic development by directly exploring these experiences. The study aims to develop a child-led learning framework for holistic child development by exploring teachers’ experiences in facilitating outdoor child-led learning in Malaysian preschools. The objectives are to identify the challenges teachers encounter and to examine the strategies they use to support children’s learning in outdoor child-led environments. A qualitative research design was used to gain an in-depth understanding of teachers’ experiences. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 preschool teachers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. The data were analysed thematically using NVivo software. The findings revealed key challenges, including environmental constraints, resource limitations, safety and supervision concerns, curriculum and institutional pressures, and behavioural challenges. Despite these barriers, teachers demonstrated adaptive strategies such as intentional outdoor environment design, safety routines and behaviour modelling, scaffolding through open-ended questioning, and supportive teacher practices. These strategies highlight educators' creativity in overcoming physical and systemic hurdles to maintain children's autonomy. A limitation of this study is its reliance on self-reported data rather than observational evidence. The implications of this study are for preschool administrators and teachers to translate the proposed framework into practical strategies for outdoor child-led learning, to provide quality education aligned with SDG4. By establishing a clearer connection between teacher agency and student freedom, this research provides a roadmap for schools to successfully transition toward the 2026 curriculum standards. It serves as a call to action for the education sector to better support teachers as they navigate the shift from traditional instruction to child-centric discovery
Copyright (c) 2026 SINDU SELVANATHAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Differentiated Adaptive Leadership–Motivation Model for Higher Education Teachers’ Well-being
In China’s managerialist higher education context, academics’ well-being is affected by salary disparities, excessive non-teaching tasks, and research-biased evaluation. This qualitative case research explores how leadership support sustains motivation and well-being across career stages. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 academics, seven per career stage. Findings show that novice academics need competence support through instructional leadership, mid-career academics need relatedness through transformational leadership, and professional learning communities. In contrast, senior teachers need autonomy through distributed leadership and trust. The Differentiated Adaptive Leadership–Motivation Model highlights career-stage-adapted leadership for sustainable teacher well-being. Keywords: Educational Leadership, SDG3, Teacher Well-being, Differentiated Adaptive Leadership–Motivation Model
Copyright (c) 2026 HUI WEI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
KAM-C Model of Myopia Management for School-aged Children
Abstract Myopia has emerged as a significant public health concern, particularly among children in Malaysia, driven by lifestyle and environmental changes. Despite the availability of effective myopia control strategies, their adoption remains inconsistent, largely influenced by parental decision-making. This study employs a qualitative phenomenological approach to exploring parental awareness, knowledge, attitudes, and practices in myopia management. Guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the study proposes the Knowledge–Attitude–Practice Clinical Integration (KAM-C) Model. The model integrates behavioral insights into clinical workflows to enhance treatment uptake, adherence, and long-term visual outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mam Yien Ng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Modelling Financial Behaviour and Mobility Aspirations in Youth
This study examines how family financial socialisation influences travel norms and mobility aspirations among Malaysian young adults through the lens of Prospect Theory. Using quantitative methods, 393 respondents’ data were analysed through Structural Equation Modelling. Findings indicate moderate financial socialisation, literacy, and behaviour, alongside high mobility aspirations. Financial socialisation significantly predicts financial literacy, which influences financial behaviour and subsequently mobility aspirations. Financial behaviour partially mediates this relationship. Consistent with Prospect Theory, financially capable individuals are more likely to perceive travel as a gain. The study highlights the importance of early financial socialisation in fostering responsible and sustainable travel decision-making
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Yuliandi Ahmad, Siti Salwa Md Sawari, Mazni Saad, Susan Hama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
This study examines how family financial socialisation shapes travel norms and mobility aspirations among Malaysian young adults through the lens of Prospect Theory. In the context of rising youth travel trends and increasing financial pressures, understanding how early financial experiences influence mobility decisions is increasingly important. The significance of this study lies in its integration of behavioural finance into tourism research, providing insights into how financial upbringing influences sustainable travel behaviour. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of family financial socialisation on mobility aspirations among Malaysian young adults. Specifically, the objectives are to identify the overall level of key financial constructs, to analyse the relationships between financial socialisation, financial literacy, and mobility aspirations, and to determine the mediating role of financial behaviour. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, incorporating data from 393 respondents and analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with AMOS. Descriptive findings indicate moderate levels of financial socialisation, financial literacy, and financial behaviour, alongside relatively high mobility aspirations. Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrated satisfactory measurement properties, with factor loadings above 0.50, composite reliability between 0.70 and 0.85, and average variance extracted exceeding recommended thresholds. The structural model showed acceptable fit indices (χ²/df = 2.30, CFI = 0.915, TLI = 0.900, RMSEA = 0.058, SRMR = 0.054). Results reveal that financial socialisation significantly predicts financial literacy (β = 0.36, p < 0.001), which subsequently influences financial behaviour (β = 0.41, p < 0.001). Financial behaviour significantly affects mobility aspirations (β = 0.38, p < 0.001), with partial mediation observed. However, this study is limited by its cross-sectional design and reliance on self-reported data, which may affect causal interpretation. Consistent with Prospect Theory, individuals with stronger financial capability are more likely to perceive travel as a gain rather than a loss. The findings underscore the importance of early financial socialisation in promoting responsible financial behaviour and sustainable travel decision-making among youth.
A Scientometric Analysis of Spiritual Well-being in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
As AI increasingly becomes an intermediary in human life, its relationship to spiritual well-being needs to be understood more deeply, as it affects not only technical aspects but also ways of thinking, the formation of meaning in life, and the balance of the soul. Reliance on AI has the potential to impair the ability to reflect and spiritual awareness if not properly controlled. Therefore, a balanced approach is needed to ensure that AI functions as a tool that supports spiritual development, rather than replacing humans in the pursuit of peace and meaning in life. To address this concern, this bibliometric review maps global studies of how artificial intelligence impacts spiritual well-being. The scientometric analysis of 182 peer-reviewed articles published between 2016 and 2025 revealed a steady annual increase in the number of articles addressing the impact of AI on spiritual well-being. In terms of countries with the most publications, the United States ranked first. Bibliometric analysis reveals that spirituality, artificial intelligence (AI), and health are key pillars of current discussions, alongside the topics of indigenous well-being, youth, cancer treatment, and culturally responsive intervention strategies. Observations of citation patterns prove that the majority of research is now centered on holistic and community health models, despite the increasing interest in AI-based methodologies and digital platforms. However, there is a significant imbalance as existing studies focus more on the clinical and psychosocial dimensions, thus ignoring the deep integration between spirituality and technological theory. This situation reveals critical academic gaps in cross-cultural perspectives as well as empirical studies of spiritual experiences facilitated by artificial intelligence. Overall, this review maps the intellectual landscape of this field and proposes an interdisciplinary research agenda to strengthen spiritual resilience in the modern technological age. The implications of this study are significant as they provide a comprehensive theoretical framework for policymakers and researchers to systematically incorporate spiritual values into technological design, thus ensuring that human well-being continues to be preserved amidst the rapid wave of digitalization.
Copyright (c) 2026 NORAINI JUNOH, Zanirah Mustafa@Busu, Mohd Nazri Mat Zin, Ahmad Baha Mokhtar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
AI_Driven Urban Energy Optimization in Emerging Megacities
Copyright (c) 2026 Dushime Clara Cheila, Lauria Budanagi, Deborah Umwari, Baseem Al-athwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
AI-Powered University Student Support Chatbot Using AWS Serverless Technologies and Claude AI
Artificial Intelligence has boosted the adoption of chatbot systems across higher education, yet many chatbots face limitations. Systems provide shallow or generic responses, struggle with informal or vague student languages, fail to maintain context across multi-turn conversations, and function only as FAQ tools without integration into real university services. To address these challenges, this research aims to design, develop, and evaluate a cloud-native conversational chatbot built on an architecture intended for real-time intelligence. Testing results showed strong intent recognition, accurate data retrieval, effective handling of informal inputs, and reliable multi-turn conversation performance, reducing administrative strain and supporting diverse, complex student inquiries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Grace Nyankir Gabriel Dhieu, Baseem Al-athwari, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-Absi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
ChatGPT and the Shaping of Literary, Cultural, and Media Discourses
Scholars and media institutions have long shaped literary and cultural canons. In the digital era, tools like ChatGPT increasingly mediate knowledge in literature, culture, and media. This study explores how ChatGPT constructs discourse and whether it reinforces dominant canons or integrates diverse perspectives across English and French. Using a qualitative comparative approach, ten questions on postcolonial literature, feminist theory, and media criticism were analyzed. Findings show that English responses are more theoretically detailed, while French responses are more descriptive. The results suggest an implicit hierarchy of knowledge shaped by dominant canons, highlighting the need for critical use of AI in the humanities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ikram Douaou, Dr. Fatima-Zohra Iflahen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Deep Fake Technology in Media: A literature review
With rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI), deepfake technology can create highly realistic visual and audio media using deep learning and generative adversarial networks (GANs). While beneficial in entertainment, education, and media production, it raises ethical, social, and security concerns. This report outlines its evolution, technical mechanisms, and growing role in misinformation and disinformation. It examines misuse in identity theft, political manipulation, propaganda, and defamation, and their impact on trust. It also reviews countermeasures such as AI detection, watermarking, regulation, and awareness. A cross-disciplinary approach is essential to balance innovation with safeguards and ensure responsible use.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOSES MUKIIBI, Johnson Samwel Lyimo , Gombe Mikael Tengemano, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-Absi, Baseem Al Athwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Environmental Awareness and Perceived Responsibility Regarding Generative AI
In recent years, Generative AI (GenAI) has become an integral part of student life. The growing use of GenAI demands substantial resources, such as electricity and rare earth metals. This study aims to identify the primary use case for GenAI among undergraduate students at Kyungdong University Global, as well as their awareness of its environmental impact and perceived responsibility. We examined the interconnections between usage frequency, awareness, responsibility attitude, and readiness to reduce AI use. The analysis showed that the students who use GenAI frequently are more aware of its environmental impact but find it hard to stop using it.
Copyright (c) 2026 SAMAN RAI, Khadak Singh Bhandari, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-Absi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of Generative AI on Undergraduate Students: A Case Study of Kyungdong University Global
This study identifies how generative AI tools influence undergraduate students’ learning behavior and problem-solving skills in the Smart Computing department at Kyungdong University Global, South Korea. To identify the frequency, purposes, and impact, a quantitative cross-sectional survey of 160 students was conducted. The findings illustrate that such tools enhance the quality of assignments, efficiency, and understanding of the programming concepts. Nonetheless, overreliance on the AI tools may shrink problem-solving skills and critical thinking, with occasional errors in AI outputs. The research highlights the importance of ethical and responsible integration of GenAI tools in education, while safeguarding self-learning capacity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bikram Singh Bhat, Bikram Singh Bhat, Nirjala Machamsi, Khadak Singh Bhandari, Mohammed Abdulhakim Al-Absi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Memory-Efficient Diffusion Image Generation: A Hybrid Framework for Low-Resource Environments
This paper outlines a hardware-efficient structure optimizing text-to-image diffusion models under low-resource environments. Experiments were run solely on CPUs and free-tier cloud services using Stable Diffusion 1.5 and SDXL-Turbo. The hybrid pipeline (SD1.5 → SDXL-Turbo) combines the compositional stability of SD1.5 with the refinement of details of SDXL-Turbo, having an LPIPS score of 0.3716 compared to 0.6743 with SDXL-Turbo alone. A pixel-average ensemble algorithm provided smoother images but higher perceptual differences. The framework illustrates that it is possible to create high-quality image generation and viable quantitative evaluation without having resource-intensive GPUs, thus providing practical guidance to resource-constrained researchers and developers.
Copyright (c) 2026 MOSES MUKIIBI, Dr Khadak, Hussein Fouad Mohamed Ali, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-Absi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physical Learning Environments and AI-Powered Personalized Learning in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review
In tightly managed tests, AI that gives each student a learning path tailored to them shows improvements of 0.42 to 0.76 standard deviations. However, this review of 22 studies (1984-2026) examines an overlooked aspect: the quality of the actual learning space. Barrett et al. (2015) found that classroom design explains 16% of the variation in student performance, about the same as the impact of the AI itself. We believe that temperature, noise, and lighting all make it harder for students to manage their own learning, and AI that adapts to students' needs requires self-direction to work
Copyright (c) 2026 Aabhushan Gyawali, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-Absi, Baseem Al-Athwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Hip-Hop Music in Enhancing Communication among Young Adults: A Literature Review
This paper offers a literature review of the study to investigate and identify how hip-hop lyrics can function as an informal learning resource to strengthen verbal confidence, communication, and expressive ability among young adults, while examining gender as a mediating variable. A quantitative approach is one of the research tools used in this paper's methodology, which focuses on gender disparities, media influence, and communication development. Results indicate that poetic involvement enhances self-expression and communication behaviours, yet most studies focus on Western populations. According to the reviewed literature, more thorough studies of gender mediation, different demographics, and Malaysian educational environments should be conducted in the future.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohamad Adib Bin Mohamed Yusoff, Noor Mayudia Mohd Mothar, David Robert Osborne https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
“I’m Not the Same Person Anymore”: Sociocultural Lived Experiences of Stroke Recovery in Malaysia
This study used Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to explore the lived experiences of recovery among 13 stroke survivors in Malaysia, within their sociocultural contexts. Three superordinate themes emerged: making sense of illness and recovery through sociocultural and embodied understandings; reconstructing and negotiating the self within sociocultural contexts; and navigating treatment choices within pluralistic and socioculturally influenced approaches. Findings indicate that recovery is shaped by cultural beliefs, spiritual practices, and social expectations, influencing identity and engagement with treatment. These insights highlight the importance of culturally responsive and person-centred rehabilitation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Husna Hamzi, Syamsul Ibrahim, Aisya Widya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Lightweight Machine Learning Framework for Urban Air Quality Prediction
This study proposes a lightweight machine learning framework for short-term forecasting of PM2.5 and PM10 in Seoul, South Korea, using 2024 environmental data from 50 monitoring stations. This research compares a Random Forest regressor against a Linear Regression baseline. The Random Forest model outperformed the baseline model, achieving an R2 of 0.832 and 0.827 for PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Importantly, the framework demonstrated excellent computational efficiency, with training times under a second and prediction execution by 39.67 milliseconds. These results justify deployment in cities with limited infrastructure. Keywords: Random Forest, Linear Regression, PM2.5, PM10.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akshovya Shrestha, Thien Phu Nguyen , Khadak Singh Bhandari, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-Absi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
AI and IoT in the Healthcare Environment: Behavioral Impacts on Patients and Clinicians in Asian and African Contexts
The physical and digital healthcare environment shapes how patients seek care, how clinicians reason, and how trust is built between them. This paper examines the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies into healthcare settings and the behavioral consequences for patients and clinicians in Asian, African, and Arabian contexts. We analyze how AI diagnostic tools, IoT-enabled monitoring, and AI-assisted records alter healthcare-seeking patterns, reshape trust, introduce cognitive overload, and reconfigure the clinical encounter. The paper argues that AI and IoT are not merely technical systems but environmental interventions requiring human-centered, culturally aware design frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shema Nkindi GISCARD, Antony Susani Mrefu, Dufitumukiza jean Pierre, Baseem Al-Athwari, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-absi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Cultural and Behavioural Perspectives on Traditional Medicine Use in Cardiovascular Health
The growing burden of cardiovascular diseases and interest in complementary approaches have stimulated research on cultural and behavioural determinants of traditional medicine (TM). This study examines 689 Scopus-indexed documents (2016–2026) using ScientoPy, Scopus Analyser, and VOSviewer. Publications show fluctuating but increasing trends, peaking in 2025, with the highest citations in 2019 and 2024. The USA and China are the leading contributors, supported by major funding agencies. Keyword analysis reveals strong behavioural-cultural clustering linked to hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, highlighting patient attitudes and adherence. Findings emphasise the need to integrate cultural competence and behavioural insights into cardiovascular healthcare to improve TM use and outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hazirah Watikah Abdah, Noorul Izzati Hanafi, Nany Hairunisa, Noor Alicezah Mohd Kasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Effect of Educational Programs on Foot Care Knowledge and Practices among Diabetes Patients in Asia: A Systematic Review
Diabetic foot complications are a public concern, a leading cause of morbidity, disability, and reduced quality of life. Promoting effective foot care through education for enhancing functional independence, well-being, and quality of life. This review, guided by the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, included studies from January 2015 to March 2025, comprising three randomized controlled trials and 13 quasi-experimental studies conducted in Asian countries. The results revealed that interventions varied, including face-to-face education, printed and multimedia materials, mobile health applications, and community-based programs. Findings indicate improvements in knowledge and foot care practices, and that educational interventions are effective in strengthening these. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, diabetes foot care, educational intervention, foot care practice
Copyright (c) 2026 Rosehaidza Mat Zam, Siti Khuzaimah Ahmad Sharoni, Septa Katmawanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Preliminary Study on Nutritional Status and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) Levels in Adolescents
Background: Adolescent girls are at high risk of iron deficiency due to rapid growth, hormonal changes, and menstrual blood loss during puberty. These physiological demands increase the need for iron, making this group especially vulnerable to anemia. Hemoglobin testing is often used to detect anemia. However, it may not detect iron deficiency in its early stages. Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) is a useful biochemical marker of iron metabolism and can indicate early iron depletion. Objective: This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of adolescent girls, evaluate TIBC as an early indicator of iron deficiency, and explore the association between Body Mass Index (BMI) and TIBC. Methods: A descriptive-correlational study was conducted involving 21 adolescent girls from SMK Baitul Hikmah in Jember, Indonesia, selected through purposive sampling. Nutritional status was assessed using BMI and dietary intake via the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Hemoglobin and TIBC levels were measured through blood tests. Data were analysed using Fisher's Exact Test, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The majority of participants were underweight (66.7%) and had poor dietary intake (47.6%). Anemia was found in 42.9% of participants, and 28.5% had abnormal TIBC levels. A significant association was found between BMI and TIBC. Conclusion: This preliminary study highlights the potential association between poor nutritional status and elevated TIBC in adolescent girls. The findings emphasize the need for regular nutritional monitoring and early screening using biochemical markers to prevent iron-deficiency anaemia. Limitations: This study has several limitations, including a small sample size and the use of purposive sampling, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, the cross-sectional design restricts the ability to establish causal relationships between BMI and TIBC levels. Dietary assessment using FFQ may also be subject to recall bias. Implications: Despite these limitations, the findings suggest that TIBC may serve as a valuable early indicator of iron deficiency among adolescent girls. Integrating nutritional assessment and biochemical screening into school-based health programs could enhance early detection and prevention strategies. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs are recommended to strengthen the evidence base and inform public health interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yuni Handayani, Ajau Danis, Aisha Mohd Din, Yugi Hari Chandra Purnama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Volunteer Motivation and Participation Intention among Adolescents in Anhui, China
This study examined volunteer motivation and participation intention among adolescents in Anhui, China. The objectives were to determine the levels of motivation and intention to volunteer, examine if there is a significant difference between male and female adolescents’ intention and motivation, and examine if motivation predicts intention. 353 adolescents aged 12-19 responded to questionnaire. Using SPSS to analyze the data, the results show high motivation and participation intention. While gender differences are found in participation intention and most motivation dimensions, age differences are not significant. Motivation predicted participation intention. Findings inform youth volunteer programme design aligned with SDG 11.
Copyright (c) 2026 LYU FUHAO LYU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating EM Mudball Density Effects on Ammonia Reduction in Stormwater Ponds
Urban stormwater retention ponds are essential infrastructures for managing runoff. However, their functional performance is often compromised by elevated ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentrations resulting from nutrient accumulation, organic loading, and prolonged low flow conditions, particularly in tropical environments. This degradation not only affects water quality but also limits ecological functionality and long-term sustainability. While Nature-Based Solutions (NbS), such as Effective Microorganism (EM) mudballs, have gained cumulative consideration as low-cost and environmentally responsive remediation approaches, existing studies primarily focus on overall water quality improvements, with limited emphasis on the influence of application design parameters. In particular, the role of mudball density as a determinant of ammonia removal efficiency remains insufficiently explored, restricting the development of evidence-based and scalable implementation strategies. This study aims to explore the effect of EM mudball application density on ammonia reduction in a stormwater retention pond. The objectives are to determine changes in NH₃-N concentrations before and after the intervention, to identify spatial variations across the inlet, mid-pond, and outlet zones, and to assess the effectiveness of a defined mudball density in enhancing ammonia removal performance. A quantitative field-based approach was employed in a campus-scale stormwater retention pond characterised by low flow conditions. Water quality data were collected from three sampling points (n=3) representing functional zones. In-situ measurements were conducted using a multiparameter probe, focusing on NH₃-N as the primary indicator, with support from dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, temperature, and electrical conductivity (EC). A total of 1,365 EM mudballs were applied at an estimated density of 1.28 mudballs/m². Baseline and multiple post-intervention measurements were conducted to evaluate temporal and spatial treatment performance. The findings indicate a substantial reduction in NH₃-N concentrations, with a decrease of approximately 65%, demonstrating effective nutrient removal associated with enhanced microbial activity. Spatial analysis shows consistent reduction trends across all sampling zones, with greater responsiveness observed near inflow areas. Supporting parameters reveal moderate improvements in DO and reductions in EC of approximately 44%, while pH and temperature remained stable. However, the study is limited by a single-density approach and a short-term monitoring period, which constrain the identification of optimal thresholds. Nevertheless, the study provides empirical evidence linking mudball density to ammonia removal efficiency and offers practical implications for developing scalable, low-cost NbS strategies in urban stormwater management.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruwaidah Borhan, Izham Ghani, Norhafizah Abdul Rahman, Tim Heath https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
How Environmental Perception Drives Climate Awareness Among Oil Palm Smallholders?
The adoption of sustainable agricultural practices by oil palm smallholders is vital for maintaining ecological balance and economic stability in Malaysia. While top-down policies often focus on financial support, the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) Model suggests that a farmer's internal psychological state, specifically their knowledge and perceptions, fundamentally shape their environmental practices. To design effective behavioral interventions, policymakers must understand the environmental-behavior dynamics driving these farmers. Without addressing the psychological factors that link ecological perception to active climate awareness, financial incentives alone are insufficient to produce long-term, sustainable habits. This study aims to explore the psychological and behavioral drivers connecting environmental perceptions to climate change awareness among oil palm smallholders in Johor, Malaysia. The specific objectives are to identify the underlying factor structure of smallholders' sustainability perceptions and awareness, and to establish the relationship between positive ecological perception and active climate awareness. This study utilized a quantitative research design based on the KAP Model and Environmental Awareness Theory. Data was gathered through a structured questionnaire and 202 randomly selected independent oil palm smallholders across Johor. Data was analyzed using SPSS, specifically utilizing Exploratory Factor Analysis to group variables, and Pearson correlation for the relationships test. The scope of this study is geographically limited to Johor, and the purely quantitative methodology restricts qualitative exploration into the deeper cultural or personal reasons behind the reported perceptions. The results from Factor analysis successfully categorized perception into two main dimensions i.e., Environmental Benefits and Ecological and Health Impacts. Awareness was categorized into Climate Change Mitigation and Climate Change Impacts. Smallholder farmers demonstrated exceptionally high positive perceptions (means > 4.30) and high climate awareness (means 3.98–4.38). Crucially, hypothesis testing revealed a statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between a smallholder's positive perception of sustainable agriculture and their awareness of climate change, validating the KAP model's premise that positive attitudes drive deeper awareness. Environmental awareness in this community is strongly driven by an intrinsic understanding of ecological and health benefits. Consequently, agricultural training programs must pivot from purely technical instructions to holistic, continuous environmental education to effectively translate this high psychological readiness into actual sustainable farming practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suziana Hassan, Devika Krishnan, Norlida Hanim Mohd Salleh, A Faroby Falatehan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Innovative Urban Futures: Smart City Strategies for Disaster Resilience in Songdo, South Korea, an Environment-Behaviour Perspective
Rapid urbanization and intensifying climate hazards have increased interest in smart city technologies for disaster risk reduction (DRR). This paper examines Songdo International Business District in Incheon, South Korea, through an environment–behaviour (E–B) framework. Using qualitative thematic analysis of planning documents, literature, and observations, it finds that while smart DRR systems improve risk awareness and emergency response, their behavioural potential is constrained by top-down governance, underused public spaces, digital inequality, and ecological disconnection from tidal flat reclamation. The study proposes an E–B evaluation framework and offers recommendations for cities pursuing inclusive, adaptive resilience aligned with the Sendai Framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reazul Ahsan, Dr Ayral https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
What Truly Matters in Global Energy Policy for Sustainable and Resilient Energy Futures?
The accelerating transition toward low-carbon and sustainable energy systems has elevated energy policy as a central force shaping global responses to climate change, energy security, and economic resilience. Despite this growing importance, there remains a critical gap in understanding what truly matters within the evolving landscape of global energy policy and how research trends reflect these priorities. Addressing this gap is essential for identifying the key drivers and strategic directions that influence effective and inclusive energy transitions. This study aims to examine the global evolution of energy policy research and to uncover the themes that most significantly contribute to sustainable and resilient energy futures. The objectives are: (1) to analyse publication trends and the growth trajectory of energy policy research; (2) to identify leading contributors, including countries, institutions, and authors; and (3) to determine dominant and emerging themes that reflect global policy priorities and societal needs. A bibliometric and knowledge mapping approach was employed using data from Scopus and Web of Science databases covering the period from 2000 to 2025. Following data cleaning and deduplication, a total of 3,978 publications were analysed. ScientoPy was used to evaluate research performance and productivity, while VOSviewer was applied to construct co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence networks to reveal the intellectual structure of the field. The findings indicate a marked acceleration in research output, particularly after 2015, driven by global decarbonization commitments and renewable energy targets. Key themes include energy transition strategies, policy frameworks, renewable integration, energy security, and sustainability governance. Importantly, the research focus has shifted from predominantly technical perspectives toward policy implementation, regulatory mechanisms, and socio-economic considerations, highlighting an increasing emphasis on human and institutional dimensions. A limitation of this study is its reliance on indexed databases, which may exclude relevant regional or non-indexed contributions. Nevertheless, the findings provide valuable insights into the priorities shaping global energy policy. The study underscores the need for coherent policy alignment, adaptive governance frameworks, and integrated strategies that bridge technological innovation with societal engagement. These insights are essential for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders seeking to navigate and shape sustainable and resilient energy futures.
Syed Abdul Mutalib Al Junid Syed Abdul Rahman
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Abdul Mutalib Al Junid Syed Abdul Rahman, Mohd Fahrul Izwan Mohd Supian, Salehudin Mohd Redzuan, Djibril Abouhanifa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Universal Design Learning-Based Support TKYM Model for Malaysian Autism-Inclusion Centers
Abstract The UDL3.0 Guidelines provide a rights-aligned, neurodiversity-affirming framework for designing genuinely inclusive learning environments. This paper introduces the UDL-based support TKYM Model for Malaysian autism-inclusion centers. To inspire professional development tailored to the unique needs of each center and district. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving five administrators, five educators, and five therapists, data collected through questionnaires and interviews, and thematically analyzed: four-pillar framework integrating transformative access, knowledge co-construction, learning agency, and a multimodal environment. Although limited to the Klang Valley, it aligned with the application of SDG 4 & 10 across diverse autism-inclusion settings within the Malaysian autism-inclusion centers. Keywords: Inclusive Education, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), TKYM Model, Universal Design for Learning (UDL) 3.0
Copyright (c) 2026 KWAI YOK TOO, Madhubala Bava Harji, Ci Wang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Ensuring Fault Tolerance and Privacy in IoT-Integrated Smart Parking Systems
Most cutting-edge systems for smart parking are not fault tolerant mostly because they handle the efficiency part but slightly overlook the security part, for instances like: the system misses or detects the wrong number plate, duplicate payments occurs, number plate is partially visible(dirty or occluded) mainly due to the system connectivity being unstable, or since the systems already in place do not provide a complete proof of payment there can be cases of user disputing the charges rightfully due to system error or wrongly. In addition, users are concerned about their privacy being exposed through the parking system, as at the gate, their license plate and payment information are recorded and stored. Though a couple of research ideas have emerged for incorporating consortium blockchain for privacy, issues such as increased complexity, reduced throughput, and scalability problems have been raised. Up to now, most of the research about smart parking has not addressed in detail how such events can be remediated. Therefore, our research will investigate how the system can be fault-tolerant by defining valid state transitions (exact states only through which the payment is declared successful) and guarantee invariants such as no vehicle is charged twice for the same session, no penalty is issued if payment confirmation exists, and no session remains active after verified exit. The system is scheduled to handle token-based identification and processing, through which the user's identity will be disclosed only in certain incidents (safety issues or theft). Moreover, to conclude our research, we will address the issue of non-repudiation by providing a full electronic receipt, which will indeed infer transparency of payments and fines, with explanations. The proposed methodology will utilize IoT-integrated ALPR (Automated License Plate Recognition) and a Fog layer to handle data processing locally at the gate, thereby remedying unstable connectivity issues. The system's effectiveness will be evaluated using an empirically calibrated simulation model to verify that the defined invariants hold true across diverse situations in the parking. The expected results shall include a significant reduction in billing disputes and a more privacy-resilient identification process, resulting in greater user satisfaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Don Christ Ajax Ndikuriyo, Meshack Tirop, Grace Nyankir Gabriel Dhieu, Baseem Al-athwari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
On-Device LLM Reasoning for IoT Anomaly Detection in Fog Computing Environments
Environmental monitoring systems detect anomalies but rarely explain them in ways that change human behavior. This research shows a fog computing system with three levels. It uses an Isolation Forest to identify issues, and then a Llama 3.2 3B model to provide explanations. The system successfully identified 97% of the true anomalies (precision of 0.97), found 60% of all anomalies (recall of 0.60), maintained a balance between precision and recall (F1 of 0.74), and took only 10.43 milliseconds per anomaly. All processed offline on a local fog node with no cloud dependency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aabhushan Gyawali, Khadak Singh Bhandari, Ahmed Abdulhakim Al-Absi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Prospect-Refuge Theory Dualisms in Role-Playing Game (RPG) Environments: Examining Critical Engagements in a Virtual City
Computer games are largely role-playing games (RPGs) where player-environment digital landscape agencies exist. Largely, game research focused on these game environments, leaving the theoretical underpinnings unaddressed. In this paper, Prospect-Refuge Theory dualistic concepts were used to examine critical player-avatar behavior. Using Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (GTA) as a pars pro toto of RPGs, we seek to understand how dualistic elements drivers affect game pacing. Video content analysis (VCA), classification of drivers of game engagement, and formulation of a game-pacing factoring system were operationalized. The study revealed striking dynamic variation in push-and-pull influence on game pacing within the game environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruben Manuit Felizarte Jr., Prof. Nappy L. Navarra, DEng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
To What Extent Has Energy Storage Research Over the Past 25 Years Shaped Policy Trajectories and Societal Transformation?
Over the past 25 years, energy storage technologies have transitioned from niche technical innovations to critical enablers of global energy transition strategies. Despite substantial advancements in performance, efficiency, and scalability, a key question persists: to what extent has this expanding body of research shaped policy trajectories and broader societal transformation? Addressing this question is essential to understanding whether technological progress has translated into meaningful policy alignment and societal impact. This study aims to critically examine the extent to which energy storage research has contributed to shaping policy development and societal change between 2000 and 2025. The objectives are: (1) to analyse the growth and evolution of global energy storage research; (2) to identify key contributors, including leading countries, institutions, and authors; and (3) to evaluate the alignment between emerging research themes, policy priorities, and societal needs. A bibliometric and knowledge mapping approach was employed using data retrieved from Scopus and Web of Science databases. Following data cleaning and deduplication, several thousand peer-reviewed publications were analysed. ScientoPy was used to assess research productivity and citation impact, while VOSviewer was applied to construct co-authorship, co-citation, and keyword co-occurrence networks, enabling the identification of intellectual structures and thematic evolution across the field. The findings reveal a substantial expansion in research output, particularly after 2010, driven by global decarbonization agendas and the increasing integration of renewable energy systems. Early research was predominantly technology-centric, focusing on battery chemistry and performance optimisation. In contrast, more recent studies demonstrate a notable shift toward policy implementation, regulatory frameworks, sustainability considerations, and socio-economic dimensions. However, the extent to which research has shaped policy and societal transformation remains uneven across regions, with stronger alignment observed in countries actively advancing energy transition strategies. A key limitation of this study is its reliance on indexed databases, which may exclude relevant regional or non-indexed contributions. Nevertheless, the findings provide important insights into the evolving role of energy storage research beyond technical innovation. The study underscores the need for stronger integration between research, policy design, and societal engagement to ensure that technological advancements effectively contribute to sustainable and inclusive energy transitions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Abdul Mutalib Al Junid Syed Abdul Rahman, Salehudin Mohd Redzuan , Mohd Fahrul Izwan Mohd Supian, Djibril Abouhanifa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Re:DesignFutures – Systems Thinking for Resilient Architecture and Urban Development
A resilient built environment is vital in responding to the dynamic, emerging, and non-linear challenges posed by rapid urbanisation, climate change, and socio-economic inequalities. However, architecture and urban design practice and education in general are slow to adopt resilience principles and have been perpetuated by narrow, artefact-oriented perspectives: aesthetics, structural integrity, and material efficiency. On the other hand, resilience principles require a closer look at wider contexts to endure complex global challenges. This paper introduces Re:DesignFutures, an extension of the Strategic Speculative Futures Framework (SSFF), as a conceptual approach to embedding resilience principles in architecture and urban design. This paper explores how resilience principles drive the speculative capacity of architecture and urban design, and how Re:DesignFutures can facilitate this capacity in a structured manner. It theorises a systems-oriented resilience framework applicable to architecture and urban design, while critically interrogating dominant design paradigms and exposing structural and pedagogical constraints to the adoption of resilience principles. Consequently, it attempts to articulate Re:DesignFutures as a conceptual model for enhancing adaptive capacity and critical design thinking. This study employs a qualitative, conceptual research approach to examine resilience theory in the built environment by critically reviewing existing concepts and manifestations. Dominant design paradigms are examined to identify structural and pedagogical gaps and constraints in the adoption of resilience principles. A conceptual synthesis articulates Re:DesignFutures as a framework for navigating the dynamic contextual considerations in the design process. Findings highlight a lack of structured mechanisms for navigating the breadth and depth of evolving contextual considerations in addressing global challenges when designing for future uncertainties. The iterative and systemic approach in Re:DesignFutures challenges the normative, reactionary tendencies of conventional design processes by providing multi-scalar avenues for interpreting, translating, and manipulating design challenges grounded in resilience principles. The Re:DesignFutures framework offers an analytical and exploratory methodology, along with action guidelines, for practitioners, educators, researchers, and students of architecture and urban design to create a built environment integral to resilient urban futures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kartini Kasmuri, Puteri Mayang Bahjah Zaharin, Zeynep Birgonul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Viral Reactions, Legal Consequences: A case study of the 2024 Tangier sexual assault
This study explores how digital activism shaped public discourse around the 2024 Tangier sexual assault case, involving a young woman assaulted by minors, and whether it translated into meaningful legal change. Guided by feminist theory, the research employs thematic analysis of highly viewed TikTok videos to identify recurring themes, assess legal outcomes, and determine the benefits and limits of digital activism. Findings show that cyberactivism increases visibility, mobilizes youth, and counters victim-blaming, but struggles to shift norms, fuels divisions, and shows constraints in producing lasting structural change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imane Alqaraoui, Fatima Zohra Iflahen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Social Enterprise’s Interventions and Women Economic Empowerment: Mediating Role of Human Capabilities
Sustainable development goals (SDG-5 and SDG-10) emphasize gender equality and women's empowerment to achieve sustainable development worldwide, specifically in developing countries. However, in Pakistan, gender inequality has been observed as a persistent hindrance to achieving economic development and quality of life. The demographic of the population further intensifies this challenge, as women comprise almost 50% of the total population, and the majority are economically less empowered. Additionally, most of them also need capability development. Consequently, Pakistani social enterprises offer various interventions such as microloans, training, workshops, and other development support to reduce this disparity. In Pakistan, people perceive social entrepreneurship as a unique phenomenon for enhancing women's empowerment. Social enterprises claim an upliftment in women's empowerment by offering various interventions. However, this claim needs to be explored and supported through empirical research evidence. Consequently, this study aims to investigate the role of social enterprises' interventions in women's economic empowerment using Human Capability Theory. The objectives of the study include identifying a unique mechanism for benefiting from social enterprises' interventions to enhance women's economic empowerment in developing countries such as Pakistan. A quantitative research approach was applied, using a time-lag (T1 and T2) survey method for data collection. Using purposive sampling and structured questionnaires, we collected data from 346 women micro-entrepreneurs in two districts of Pakistan (Lahore and Muzaffargarh). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS software. The results reveal that social enterprises' interventions have a partial mediating impact through human capabilities on women's economic empowerment. This research paper offers insightful evidence and inferences on social enterprises, human capabilities, and women's economic empowerment, specifically in developing countries' contexts. This study is limited to the context of Pakistan. Nonetheless, we can expand it further to other developing countries and conduct a comparative study in different contexts as future research.
Copyright (c) 2026 ASIA BIBI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0