Balancing Demands and Resources to Enhance Employee Work Engagement in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v10iSI28.6946Keywords:
JD-R Theory, Job and Personal Demands, Job and Personal Resources, Work EngagementAbstract
This study aims to identify the factors influencing work engagement among employees in Kuala Lumpur, using the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) theory and incorporating workaholism as a personal demand. Data from 146 respondents were collected through an online, self-administered, cross-sectional questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Smart-PLS and SPSS. The results indicate that job and personal demands significantly diminish work engagement, whereas job and personal resources substantially enhance it. Additionally, the interaction between resources and demands from both job and personal domains influences work engagement. Future research could focus on the organizational and home domains.
References
Andreassen, C. S., Griffiths, M. D., Hetland, J., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a work addiction scale. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 53(3), 265-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00947.x
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. (2023). Job Demands – Resources Theory: Ten Years Later. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 10(1), 25–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-120920-053933
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13 (3), 209–223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476
Choo, S. (2020). Employee experience trends Malaysia, Qualtrics employeeXM. https://www.qualtrics.com/au/lp/ebook/2020-global-employee-experiencetrends/?utm_medium=ebook&utm_source=content&utm_campaign=2020-01--apj-my--ebook--ex--2020-malaysia-trends&utm_content=ebook--ex--2020-maylasia-trends
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2023). Job demands-resources theory in times of crises: New propositions. Organizational Psychology Review, 13(3), 209–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221135022
Errera, R. (2022). 63+ Jaw-Dropping Employee Engagement Statistics [2022]. February 10, 2022. https://www.tonerbuzz.com/blog/employee-engagement-statistics/
Forbes. (2019). How Much Are Your Disengaged Employees Costing You? May 2, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/sites/karlynborysenko/2019/05/02/how-much-are-your-disengaged-employees-costing-you/?sh=665f7bdb3437
Gallup. (2022). State of the Global Workplace: 2022 Report. https://www.gallup.com/workplace/349484/state-of-the-global-workplace-2022-report.aspx
Guglielmi, D., Simbula, S., Schaufeli, W. B., & Depolo, M. (2012). Self-Efficacy and Workaholism as Initiators of the Job Demands-Resources Model. Career Development International, 17(4), 375–389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431211255842
Leung, K. (2009). Never the twain shall meet? Integrating Chinese and Western management research. Management and Organization Review, 5(1), 121-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2008.00135.x
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital. Oxford University Press, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t06483-000
Plante, T. G., & Boccaccini, M. (1997). Reliability and validity of the Santa Clara strength of religious faith questionnaire. Pastoral Psychology, 45(6), 429-437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310643
Prieto, L. L., Soria, M. S., Martínez, I. M. M., & Shaufeli, W. (2008). Extension of the Job Demands-Resources model in the prediction of burnout and engagement among teachers over time. Psicothema, 20(3), 354–360.
Qualtrics. (2021). Annual report finds engagement drivers shifted in 2020, EX Solutions Strategy, Qualtrics Southeast Asia.
Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative science quarterly, 15(2), 150-163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2391486
Rothmann, S., Mostert, K., & Strydom, M. (2006). A psychometric evaluation of the job demands-resources scale in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 32(4), 76-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v32i4.239
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross-National Study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701–716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., Van der Heijden, F. M. M. A., & Prins, J. T. (2009). Workaholism, burnout and well-being among junior doctors: The mediating role of role conflict. Work & Stress, 23(2), 155–172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370902834021
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2008). It takes two to tango: Workaholism is working excessively and working compulsively. The long work hours culture: Causes, consequences and choices, 203-226.
Seashore, S. E., Lawler, E. E., Mirvis, P., & Cammann, C. (Eds.). (1982). Observing and Measuring Organizational Change: A Guide to Field Practice. New York: Wiley.
Taris, T. W., Schaufeli, W. B., & Verhoeven, L. C. (2005). Workaholism in the Netherlands: Measurement and implications for job strain and work–nonwork conflict. Applied Psychology, 54(1), 37-60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2005.00195.x
Tones, M., & Pillay, H. (2008). The learning and development survey: Further evaluation of its psychometric properties. Australian Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 8, 85-97.
Topp, C. W., Østergaard, S. D., Søndergaard, S., & Bech, P. (2015). The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 84(3), 167-176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585
Van den Broeck, A., Van Ruysseveldt, J., Vanbelle, E., & De Witte, H. (2013). The job demands–resources model: Overview and suggestions for future research. Advances in positive organizational psychology, 1, 83-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2046-410X(2013)0000001007
Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H., & Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress, 22(3), 277–294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393672
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dalowar Hossan, Zuraina Dato’ Mansor, Mahmoud Abdelrehim
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
