Virtual Reality (VR) Simulation for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Patient Preparation

Mohammad Fadhlul Hadi Abd Gani; Kawu Hammajulde Deh; Sook Sam Leong; Lyana Shahirah Mohamad Yamin

doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v8i25.4846

Authors

Mohammad Fadhlul Hadi Abd Gani Department of Radiology, Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
Kawu Hammajulde Deh Maitama District Hospital Abuja, Nigeria
Sook Sam Leong Centre for Medical Imaging Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Malaysia
Lyana Shahirah Mohamad Yamin Centre for Medical Imaging Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v8i25.4846

Keywords:

Anxiety, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI Anxiety Questionnaire, Subject Experience Questionnaire, Virtual Reality

Abstract

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) simulation as a patient preparation method for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examinations. A total of 138 participants were divided into VR and non-VR groups. The study found that anxiety levels were significantly different between the VR group before and during MRI exams (p<.001), but there was no significant difference in the non-VR group (p=.138). Noise, space, and strapping were moderately correlated with anxiety levels. The study suggests that VR could be an accessible pre-medical procedure option, improving patient experience, future treatment planning, and reducing costs associated with premature MRI exams.

References

Ahlander, B., Engvall, J., & Ericsson, E. (2020). Anxiety during magnetic resonance imaging of the spine in relation to scanner design and size. Radiography, 26(2), 110– 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2019.09.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2019.09.003

Ahlander, B. M., Arestedt, K., Maret, E., Engvall, J. E., & Ericsson, E. (2016). Development and validation of a questionnaire evaluating patient anxiety during Magnetic Resonance Imaging: the Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Anxiety Questionnaire (MRI-AQ). Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, 18(S1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429x-18-s1-p312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-18-S1-P312

Almutlaq, Z. M. (2018). Discussion of the Causes, Effect and Potential Methods of Alleviating Patient Anxiety When Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 72(5), 4473–4477. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2018.9515 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/ejhm.2018.9515

Al-Shemmari, A., Herbland, A., Akudjedu, T., & Lawal, O. (2022). Radiographer’s confidence in managing patients with claustrophobia during magnetic resonance imaging. Radiography, 28(1), 148–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2021.09.007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2021.09.007

Bolejko, A., & Hagell, P. (2021). Effects of an information booklet on patient anxiety and satisfaction with information in magnetic resonance imaging: A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Radiography, 27(1), 162–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2020.07.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2020.07.011

Duncan, D., Garner, R., Zrantchev, I., Ard, T., Newman, B., Saslow, A., Wanserski, E., & Toga, A. W. (2018). Using Virtual Reality to Improve Performance and User Experience in Manual Correction of MRI Segmentation Errors by Non-experts. Journal of Digital Imaging, 32(1), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-018-0108-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-018-0108-5

Hudson, D., Heales, C., & Meertens, R. (2022). Review of claustrophobia incidence in MRI: A service evaluation of current rates across a multi-centre service. Radiography. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2022.02.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2022.02.010

Iwan, E., Yang, J., Enders, J., Napp, A. E., Rief, M., & Dewey, M. (2020). Patient preferences for development in MRI scanner design: a survey of claustrophobic patients in a randomised study. European Radiology, 31(3), 1325–1335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07060-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07060-9

Kılıç, A., Brown, A., Aras, I., Hui, R., Hare, J., Hughes, L. D., & McCracken, L. M. (2021). Using Virtual Technology for Fear of Medical Procedures: A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 55(11), 1062-1079. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab016

Kim M. S. (2016). Investigation of Factors Affecting Body Temperature Changes During Routine Clinical Head Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Iranian Journal of Radiology: a quarterly journal published by the Iranian Radiological Society, 13(4), e34016. https://doi.org/10.5812/iranjradiol.34016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/iranjradiol.34016

Klaming, L., van Minde, D., Weda, H., Nielsen, T., & Duijm, L. E. (2015). The Relation Between Anticipatory Anxiety and Movement During an MR Examination. Academic Radiology, 22(12), 1571–1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2015.08.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2015.08.020

Madl, J. E. M., Sturmbauer, S. C., Janka, R., Bay, S., & Rohleder, N. (2022). Preparing patients according to their individual coping style improves patient experience of magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 45(6), 841–854. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00361-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00361-y

Madl, J., Janka, R., Bay, S., & Rohleder, N. (2022). MRI as a Stressor: The Psychological and Physiological Response of Patients to MRI, Influencing Factors, and Consequences. Journal of the American College of Radiology, 19(3), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2021.11.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2021.11.020

Nakarada-Kordic, I., Reay, S., Bennett, G., Kruse, J., Lydon, A. M., & Sim, J. (2020). Can virtual reality simulation prepare patients for an MRI experience? Radiography, 26(3), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2019.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2019.11.004

Napp, A. E., Diekhoff, T., Stoiber, O., Enders, J., Diederichs, G., Martus, P., & Dewey, M. (2021). Audio-guided self-hypnosis for reduction of claustrophobia during MR imaging: results of an observational 2-group study. European Radiology, 31(7), 4483–4491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-021-07887-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-021-07887-w

Narayanasamy, S., Winograd‐Gomez, V., Joshi, H., Yang, F., Ding, L., Ishman, S. L., Fleck, R. J., Patino, M., & Mahmoud, M. (2021). Outcomes of dexmedetomidine sedation for drug‐induced sleep ciné magnetic resonance imaging studies in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea patients. Pediatric Anesthesia, 31(11), 1241–1249. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14290

Nguyen, X. V., Tahir, S., Bresnahan, B. W., Andre, J. B., Lang, E. V., Mossa-Basha, M., Mayr, N. A., & Bourekas, E. C. (2020). Prevalence and Financial Impact of Claustrophobia, Anxiety, Patient Motion, and Other Patient Events in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 29(3), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1097/rmr.0000000000000243 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/RMR.0000000000000243

Tazegul, G., Etcioglu, E., Yildiz, F., Yildiz, R., & Tuney, D. (2015). Can MRI related patient anxiety be prevented? Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 33(1), 180–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2014.08.024 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2014.08.024

Thorp, D., Owens, R., Whitehouse, G., & Dewey, M. (1990). Subjective experiences of magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical Radiology, 41(4), 276–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(05)81665-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9260(05)81665-4

Tugwell, J., Goulden, N., & Mullins, P. (2018). Alleviating anxiety in patients prior to MRI: A pilot single-centre single-blinded randomised controlled trial to compare video demonstration or telephone conversation with a radiographer versus routine intervention. Radiography, 24(2), 122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2017.10.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2017.10.001

Tugwell-Allsup, J., & Pritchard, A. (2018). The experience of patients participating in a small randomised control trial that explored two different interventions to reduce anxiety prior to an MRI scan. Radiography, 24(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2017.11.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2017.11.001

Yakar, B., & Pirinçci, E. (2020). Investigation of the Effect of Written and Visual Information on Anxiety Measured Before Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Which Method is Most Effective? Medicina, 56(3), 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56030136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56030136