Online and Hybrid Learning Environment: Challenges and Issues Experienced by University Students

Abstract

A learning environment is a dynamic, holistic term that includes the activities and results of learning and the context in which it occurs. It also focuses on the educational methodology, cultural background, and physical setting in which teaching and learning happen. Through expanding educational settings to include online and hybrid formats, it is critical to emphasize the discourse surrounding the concerns and challenges associated with these contemporary educational environments. This study aims to investigate the challenges and obstacles faced by undergraduate students in the context of virtual learning.  This study also addresses facets of mental health and the interaction between instructors and students.  The inquiries for this quantitative study were distributed through a Google Form.  The cohort of respondents consists of 529 students from tertiary education institutions in East Coast Malaysia.  The data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 to ascertain the consistency of the overall measurement. In essence, Cronbach's alpha is employed to assess the internal coherence of the variables. In addition, the items were evaluated using a 5-point Likert scale. Purposive sampling methods were utilized to select samples consisting of students enrolled in at least one semester of online or hybrid courses.  The survey reveals that individuals face multiple challenges, including anxiety and despair, while engaging in online learning.  It underscores the significance of positive interactions between teachers and students, as these connections influence the students' learning results.  It is recommended that suitable guidelines be formulated, particularly for higher education institutions, to mitigate the concerns and obstacles associated with online and hybrid learning, especially among undergraduate students.  This study will assist various educational institutions in structuring online and hybrid learning classrooms in a more inviting and conducive environment. This study has potential limitations. Although this study aims to investigate the effect of online and hybrid learning environments on students' mental health, students' knowledge and understanding regarding mental health, and the ability to differentiate between elements of stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental health concerns, can impact the data given by the students. Therefore, qualitative methods such as focus group discussions are advisable in order to gain more depth on students' knowledge regarding mental health concerns.