Comparison and Agreement of LDL-C Formulas in Cardiovascular Risk Stratification among Malaysians

Noor Alicezah Mohd Kasim; Yung-An Chua; Nurain Ibrahim; Putrya Hawa

doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v10i34.7352

Authors

Noor Alicezah Mohd Kasim Cardiovascular Advancement and Research Excellence Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sg. Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia.
Yung-An Chua Department of Pathology, Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sg. Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Nurain Ibrahim Center of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Malaysia.
Putrya Hawa Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Indonesia Defence University, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v10i34.7352

Keywords:

LDL-C Formula, Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins, Sampson

Abstract

Several formulas have been developed to estimate the LDL-C values, such as the Friedewald, Martin-Hopkins, Sampson, and Anandaraja equations. However, their performance has not been extensively evaluated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the agreement of these LDL-C formulas and analyze the clinical LDL-C group reclassification. The results showed that Friedewald consistently underestimates LDL-C compared to the others, but reclassification using Martin or Sampson may not align with Friedewald-based risk categorization. Anandaraja showed the highest misclassification. These discrepancies may affect treatment decisions. Future studies should validate performance in high-risk subgroups and consider formula-specific cut-offs to improve cardiovascular risk assessment.

Author Biography

Putrya Hawa, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Indonesia Defence University, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

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