Current Trend of AI in Higher Education Self-Directed ESL/EFL
An Activity Theory Approach
Keywords:
Artificial intelligence, active theory, English, self-directedAbstract
This review adapts Engeström’s (1987) expanded Activity Theory to investigate current trends and the pedagogical impact of AI in self-directed ESL/EFL within higher education. The review analysed 76 empirical studies from Scopus, Web of Science, and Education Research Complete@EBSCOhost, selected using PRISMA 2020. Findings reveal a sharp increase in AI-supported self-directed ESL/EFL research from 2023 onward. AI-powered chatbots, particularly ChatGPT, dominate usage. Tools like Duolingo, Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE), and translation tools enhance learners’ learning across diverse contexts. Effectiveness assessments consistently indicate neutral to positive perceptions, underscoring the contextual value of AI in promoting self-directed ESL/EFL.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Min Hui Leow, Norhaslinda Hassan, Lusi Susilawati, Muhammad Satria Sa’ban
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