Universal Design Learning-Based Support TKYM Model for Malaysian Autism-Inclusion Centers

Abstract

Universal Design for Learning 3.0 provides a rights-aligned framework for autism inclusive education. This article presents the TKYM Model for Malaysian autism-inclusion centers, comprising four pillars: Transformative Access Pathways (T), Knowledge Co-construction (K), Yielding Learner Agency (Y), and Multimodal Environment Design (M). Three objectives guide the study: to synthesize UDL literature in the Malaysian context, to establish theoretical foundations, and to articulate TKYM's structure aligned with SDGs 4 and 10. A sequential mixed-methods design involved 15 practitioners and 50 autistic learners. UDL implementation readiness was below moderate (M = 2.87). TKYM offers a replicable, rights-based framework for Malaysian autism-inclusive practice.