Librarian’s Conscience in Quality AI-Supported Library Work
Keywords:
Service quality, information behaviour, Information Management Professional, Professional JudgementAbstract
Quality of life in higher education rests on trustworthy digital service environments, including academic libraries that support discovery, learning, research, and information access. Artificial intelligence is embedded in these library work environments through discovery systems, metadata routines, reference support, digital instruction, research assistance, and user-facing information services. These tools expand service reach and operational speed while introducing risks such as opaque outputs, exposure of user data, biased recommendations, weak metadata judgement, and misplaced trust in automation. In these environments, librarians bring the professional judgment that connects automated outputs to institutional trust. They assess AI-generated outputs, challenge system limits, protect user data, preserve metadata quality, and determine whether automated outputs qualify for entry into institutional information routines. This paper develops the Librarian’s Conscience Model to explain professional responsibility as the human accountability layer in quality AI-supported library work. The model integrates Human-Centered AI, Ethical AI, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, and Institutional Information Capability. Human-Centered AI explains librarians’ professional control through transparency, interpretability, human oversight, and meaningful intervention. Ethical AI explains privacy protection, fairness assessment, accountability, bias awareness, and responsible handling of AI-supported outputs. Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah deepens this ethical reading through amanah as entrusted responsibility, supported by ʿadl and maṣlaḥah as fairness and public-serving benefit. Institutional Information Capability defines the institutional value of librarians’ judgment through reliable information routines, responsible information behavior, metadata integrity, and trustworthy information processes. The model establishes that AI-supported library work gains institutional reliability when human judgment remains visible, situated, and professionally accountable. This judgment translates responsible AI from governance rhetoric into daily professional action through output verification, risk recognition, privacy judgment, fairness assessment, and accountable information mediation. The paper contributes to quality-of-life and environment-behavior studies by positioning the academic library as a human-AI work environment where professional judgment structures information behavior, trust, service responsibility, and information quality. It provides academic libraries with a model for strengthening AI governance, staff capability, accountable information routines, and responsible digital service transformation.
References
Abidin, M. A. Z., & Jusoh, A. (2019). The effects of absorptive and transformative capabilities on information capabilities and competitive performance of Malaysia universities. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 11(5 Special Issue), 896–903.
Adetayo, A. J., Babalola, O. O., & Olukayode, V. A. (2024). The convergence of AI and librarianship: Evaluating the real-world application of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot. In Real-world applications of AI innovation (pp. 407–424). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-4252-7.ch019
Adewojo, A. A. (2025). Perspectives of academic librarians on ethical challenges of AI-based bibliometric tools: A grounded theory study. The Electronic Library, 43(5), 777–797. https://doi.org/10.1108/EL-05-2025-0166
Adewojo, A. A., & Dunmade, A. O. (2024). From big data to intelligent libraries: Leveraging analytics for enhanced user experiences. Business Information Review, 41(3), 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/02663821241264707
Adewojo, A. A., Olatunji, O. M., & Olalere, P. M. (2025). Effects of AI-driven tools on reference services and staff roles in academic libraries. Reference Services Review, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1108/RSR-02-2025-0008
Aguiñaga, J., Mooradian, N., Ghosh, S., & Hofman, D. (2025). Evolution of reference services in the era of generative artificial intelligence. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 62(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/pra2.1232
Ajakaye, J. E. (2024). Exploring artificial intelligence (AI) tools for curating and managing library collections. In Navigating AI in academic libraries: Implications for academic research (pp. 1–16). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3053-1.ch001
Ajani, Y. A., & Oladokun, B. D. (2026). Reinventing academic libraries via intelligent technologies: Bridging the knowledge gap for the promotion of information access. DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, 46(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14429/djlit.21120
Ajani, Y. A., Tella, A., Oladokun, B. D., Jacob, P. A., & Umar, L. (2025). Artificial intelligence competency and ethical considerations: Strategies for sustainable adoption among librarians in the fifth industrial revolution. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006251372651
Akram, M., Goraya, M., Malik, A., & Aljarallah, A. (2018). Organizational performance and sustainability: Exploring the roles of IT capabilities and knowledge management capabilities. Sustainability, 10(10), Article 3816. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103816
Al Mohsen, F. S. (2025). Ethical integration of generative AI in higher education assessments. In Advances in computational intelligence and robotics (pp. 275–288). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7332-3.ch017
Albous, M. R., Al-Jayyousi, O. R., & Stephens, M. (2025). AI governance in the GCC states: A comparative analysis of national AI strategies. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 82, 2389–2422. https://doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.17619
Ali, F., Bouzoubaa, K., Gelli, F., Hamzi, B., & Khan, S. (2025). Islamic ethics and AI: An evaluation of existing approaches to AI using trusteeship ethics. Philosophy & Technology, 38(3), Article 120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-025-00922-4
Ali, M. Y., & Richardson, J. (2025). AI literacy guidelines and policies for academic libraries: A scoping review. IFLA Journal, 51(3), 588–599. https://doi.org/10.1177/03400352251321192
Alibeigi, A., & Munir, A. B. (2020). Malaysian Personal Data Protection Act, a mysterious application. University of Bologna Law Review, 5(2), 362–374. https://doi.org/10.6092/ISSN.2531-6133/12441
Al-Kumaim, N. H., Hassan, S. H., Mohammed, F., & Saleh, A. Y. (2025). Navigating GenAI in Malaysian universities: Use, problems, and challenges. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Emerging Smart Technologies and Applications (eSmarTA 2025). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/eSmarTA66764.2025.11132252
Aman, F., & Zakaria, N. (2024). AI in action: Unveiling factors influencing AI and human collaboration in Malaysian academic libraries. In 2024 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Data Sciences (AiDAS 2024) Proceedings (pp. 268–273). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/AiDAS63860.2024.10730042
Amazon Web Services. (2024). AWS collaborates with Malaysia Ministry of Higher Education to build next-generation AI workforce. https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/publicsector/aws-collaborates-with-malaysia-ministry-of-higher-educations-jppkk-to-build-next-generation-ai-workforce/
Anandraj, K. C., & Aravind, S. (2024). AI-driven libraries: Pioneering innovation in digital knowledge access. In Improving library systems with AI: Applications, approaches, and bibliometric insights (pp. 272–284). https://doi.org/10.4018/9798369355930.ch020
Arifardhani, Y., Ahmat, N. H. C., & Mukri, M. (2025). The role of law in AI-based business ecosystems: A contextualized perspective from Islamic law. Jurnal Ilmiah Mizani, 12(1), 284–296. https://doi.org/10.29300/mzn.v12i1.6961
Atikuzzaman, M. (2025). Opportunities and challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in academic library services: Perspectives from LIS practitioners of Bangladesh. Library Hi Tech News. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-02-2025-0033
Azeroual, O., Schöpfel, J., Störl, U., & Marušić, A. (2024). Ethical aspects using AI in CRIS. Procedia Computer Science, 249, 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.11.058
Baharuddin, A. S., Ismail, W. A. F. W., Mutalib, L. A., Ahmad, M. H., Razak, R., Saharudin, N. S., & Rahim, A. A. (2019). An appraisal of Maqāsid Al-Shariʿah classic and recent literature: Systematic analysis. Library Philosophy and Practice, 2019.
Bairagi, M., & Lihitkar, S. R. (2024). Optimizing library services through the integration of artificial intelligence tools and techniques. In Applications of artificial intelligence in libraries (pp. 193–222). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1573-6.ch008
Basak, R., Paul, P., Kar, S., Molla, I. H., & Chatterjee, P. (2024). The future of libraries with AI: Envisioning the evolving role of libraries in the AI era. In AI-assisted library reconstruction (pp. 34–57). https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2782-1.ch003
Bhuvaneswari, G., & Rajakumar, P. T. V. (2024). Impact of AI in library operations. In Improving library systems with AI: Applications, approaches, and bibliometric insights (pp. 39–46). https://doi.org/10.4018/9798369355930.ch003
Bin Ismail, M. A., & Goh, M. L. (2024). Evaluating the impact of artificial intelligence on work ethics within Malaysian regulatory bodies. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences, 22(2), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.57239/PJLSS-2024-22.2.00557
Bisht, S., Nautiyal, A. P., Sharma, S., Sati, M., Bathla, N., & Singh, P. (2023). The role of artificial intelligence in shaping library management and its utilization. In 2023 International Conference on Disruptive Technologies (ICDT 2023) (pp. 467–472). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDT57929.2023.10150520
Boateng, F. (2025). The transformative potential of generative AI in academic library access services: Opportunities and challenges. Information Services & Use, 45(1–2), 140–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/18758789251332800
Bowen, G. A. (2006). Grounded theory and sensitizing concepts. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5(3), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500304
Bøyum, I., & Khosrowjerdi, M. (2025). “It’s such a blackbox function”: Norwegian academic librarians’ ambivalent perceptions towards AI use in academic libraries and academia. Information Research, 30(CoLIS), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.47989/ir30CoLIS52285
Bubinger, H., & Dinneen, J. D. (2024). “What could go wrong?”: An evaluation of ethical foresight analysis as a tool to identify problems of AI in libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 50(5), Article 102943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acalib.2024.102943
Burke, D., & Crompton, H. (2024). Navigating the future: Reflections on AI in higher education. In Artificial intelligence applications in higher education: Theories, ethics, and case studies for universities (pp. 321–331). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003440178-18
Carney, M., Dieleman, M., & Taussig, M. (2016). How are institutional capabilities transferred across borders? Journal of World Business, 51(6), 882–894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.12.002
Chan, C., & Meunier, B. (2025). Navigating the AI revolution: Librarian perspectives in China’s Greater Bay Area. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 31(2), 224–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614533.2025.2466513
Chase, M. (2024). Academic libraries can develop AI chatbots for virtual reference services with minimal technical knowledge and limited resources. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, 19(2), 136–138. https://doi.org/10.18438/eblip30523
Chen, S.-C. (2026). Transforming reference services through ChatGPT: Insights from university libraries in Taiwan. New Review of Academic Librarianship, 32(1), 71–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13614533.2025.2586271
Costabile, M. F., Desolda, G., Dimauro, G., Lanzilotti, R., Loiacono, D., Matera, M., & Zancanaro, M. (2022). A human-centric AI-driven framework for exploring large and complex datasets. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3136, 9–13.
Cox, A. M., Pinfield, S., & Rutter, S. (2019). The intelligent library: Thought leaders’ views on the likely impact of artificial intelligence on academic libraries. Library Hi Tech, 37(3), 418–435. https://doi.org/10.1108/LHT-08-2018-0105
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Cruvinel Júnior, L., Ascama, O. H., & Marques da Silva, M. (2026). AI ethics in higher education: A review of ethical challenges. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 15939, pp. 192–203). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-01429-0_17
Dabis, A., & Csáki, C. (2024). AI and ethics: Investigating the first policy responses of higher education institutions to the challenge of generative AI. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), Article 1006. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03526-z
Daly, O., Fogarty, L., Furlong, E., del Aguila, E. V., Farrell, R., Morton, S., Woods, A., Bough, A., Schilling, T., Redmond, T., & McKeever, D. (2024). Are you AI ready? Investigating AI tools in higher education via the co-development of interdisciplinary student-partnered AI training resources. In International Conference on Higher Education Advances (pp. 625–632). Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAd24.2024.17105
de Leon, L. C. R., Flores, L. V., & Alomo, A. R. L. (2024). Artificial intelligence and Filipino academic librarians: Perceptions, challenges and opportunities. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association, 73(1), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2024.2305993
De Luca, E. W., Purificato, E., Boratto, L., Marrone, S., & Sansone, C. (2023a). HCAI4U 2023: Preface to the first workshop on user perspectives in human-centred artificial intelligence. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3502.
De Luca, E. W., Purificato, E., Boratto, L., Marrone, S., & Sansone, C. (2023b). First workshop on user perspectives in human-centred artificial intelligence (HCAI4U). ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, Article 36. https://doi.org/10.1145/3605390.3610829
Digital Education Council. (2024). Global AI literacy survey report. DEC Press.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 HAZIAH SAARI, Norhashimah Hashim, Professor

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.