Evolving Heritage: Alteration Trends in Selangor’s Pre-Independence Mosques

Abstract

Mosques, as sacred Islamic structures dedicated to the worship of Allah, have evolved in design across the Malay Archipelago in response to cultural, historical, and societal shifts. The introduction of Islam gradually influenced mosque architecture, transitioning from vernacular and colonial forms to modern interpretations that reflect contemporary needs. Prior studies indicate that these transformations encompass aspects such as scale, building materials, decorative carvings, and additional facilities. Selangor, due to its dense population, rapid urban development, and rich historical background, records one of the highest numbers of mosques in Malaysia, totaling 432 as of 2023. The role of the Sultan of Selangor has been central in ensuring that mosques not only serve religious functions but also reinforce Islam as the state’s official religion. A preliminary study of 62 heritage mosques constructed during the reigns of Sultan Abdul Samad, Sultan Alauddin, and Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, including those in Kuala Lumpur (formerly under Selangor), reveals that many have undergone extensive renovations. These often transform the structures into modern forms of larger scale, reflecting a trend of Post-Modern Revivalism. While the mosque as a concept is not bound to a singular architectural form, heritage mosques embody invaluable craftsmanship, architectural ingenuity, and cultural legacy, rendering them irreplaceable assets. However, modern interventions, if conducted without regard to historical and architectural value, risk diminishing or accelerating the deterioration of these structures. Conservation efforts include gazetting mosques under Act 645 and listing them within the heritage inventory managed by Jabatan Warisan Negara. This study investigates the architectural significance of Selangor’s pre-independence mosques, analyzing how alteration trends respond to contemporary needs in sustaining Islamic practices. Employing a qualitative methodology through visual analysis and literature review, the research highlights the challenges of balancing functional adaptation with the preservation of heritage value. The findings provide a foundation for developing an architectural conservation framework that reconciles historical integrity with modern usage demands. Ultimately, the study contributes to the broader discourse on heritage conservation by offering insights into Selangor’s mosque legacy and proposing strategies to ensure their sustainable preservation for future generations.