Threads and Informal English Language Learning among University Students

Authors

  • Mohd Nur Fitri Mohd Salim UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)
  • Mohamad Safwat Ashahri Mohd Salim Akademi Pengajian Bahasa, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perak, Malaysia
  • Dianna Suzieanna Mohamad Shah Akademi Pengajian Bahasa, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia
  • Udan Kusmawan Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Terbuka, Banten, Indonesia

Keywords:

Threads, Self-regulated learning, Learner engagement, Social media

Abstract

The growing use of social media platforms has created new opportunities for informal English learning beyond the classroom. This study examines undergraduate students’ use of Threads as an informal English learning environment, focusing on engagement, self-regulated learning, perceived learning outcomes, and distraction. Using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, survey data were collected from 119 undergraduates and analysed using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, and Pearson correlations. Follow-up interviews with 16 students provided explanatory insights. Results indicate that engagement and self-regulated learning are positively associated with perceived learning outcomes, whereas distraction is negatively associated with both engagement and learning outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of learner self-regulation in social media-based language learning.

References

Adnan, A. H. M., Salim, M. S. A. M., Tsang, J., Shah, D. S. M., Tahir, M. H. M., & Salim, M. N. F. M. (2024). Supporting Postgraduate Students from China in Malaysia Through Learning Communities. Asian Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences, 6(S2), 105-120.

Fang, F., & Liu, Y. (2025). The impact of informal digital learning of English on language development and learner engagement. Education and Information Technologies. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12292326/

Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59–109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059

Guo, X., Chen, X., Lei, J., & Wen, Y. (2023). Informal digital learning of English: A systematic review of research trends and influencing factors. The Internet and Higher Education, 58, 100882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2023.100882

Lee, J. S. (2019). Quantity and diversity of informal digital learning of English. Language Learning & Technology, 23(1), 114–126. https://www.lltjournal.org/item/10125-44675/

Lee, J. S., & Drajati, N. A. (2019). Affective variables and informal digital learning of English: Keys to willingness to communicate in a second language. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 35(5), 168–182. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5177

Lee, J. S., & Dressman, M. (2018). When IDLE hands make an English workshop: Informal digital learning of English and language proficiency. TESOL Quarterly, 52(2), 435–445. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.422

Lee, J. S., & Lee, K. (2021). The role of informal digital learning of English and L2 motivational self system in foreign language enjoyment. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(1), 358–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12955

Rezai, A., Soyoof, A., & Reynolds, B. L. (2024). Informal digital learning of English and EFL teachers’ job engagement: Exploring the mediating role of technological pedagogical content knowledge and digital competence. System, 122, 103276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2024.103276

Salim, M. N. F. M., Karim, A. A., Husnin, H., & Purwarno, P. (2025). A Behavioural Needs Analysis in Professional Communication Education. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 10(33), 65–70. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v10i33.7311

Salim, M. N. F. M., Yusuf, A. M., Salim, M. S. A. M., Murnin, N. E. A., Zailani, I. N. M., Azamee, N. A. M., & Effendy, N. D.M. K. (2024). Student Preferences, Challenges, and Strategies in Group Work: A Case Study.International Journal of Advanced Research in Education and Society,6(4), 269–284.

Shah, D. S. M., Othman, S., Salim, M. S. A. M., Salim, M. N. F. M., Khalil, M. I. M., & Kusmawan, U. (2024). The Impact of Immersive 360-Degree Video Learning on Enhancing Oral Communication Skills. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology, 1-17.

Shah, D. S. M, Adnan, A. H. M, Salim, M. S. A. M, Kusmawan, U., & Salim, M. N. F. M (2025a). Educational Chatbots in Language Teaching and Learning at Malaysian Universities. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 10(34), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v10i34.7222

Shah, D. S. M., Adnan, A. H. M., Salim, M. S. A. M., & Salim, M. N. F. M. (2025b). Deploying Educational Chatbots as Virtual Assistants for Language Teaching and Learning in Malaysian Tertiary Education. Journal of Advanced Research in Computing and Applications, 39(1), 206-211.

Wan Mustapha, W. Z., Mohd Salim, M. N. F., Ahmad, I., & Paramasivam, S. (2019). A case study on Week Without Walls (WWW) in UiTM Negeri Sembilan: Critical reading and creative writing beyond the second language classrooms. KnE Social Sciences, 2019,958–969. doi:10.18502/kss.v3i19.4920

Wang, M. T., & Eccles, J. S. (2013). School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study. Learning and Instruction, 28, 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2013.04.002

Yusuf, A. H. M., Salim, M. N. F. M., Mohd, M. S. A., Salim, A. S. R., Amri, W. N. D. A. W., Sobirin, N. F. M., & Rohaizad, N. I. M. (2024). Gadget dependency and its impact on academic performance: a study among higher education students. International Journal of Modern Education, 6(23). https://doi.org/10.35631/IJMOE.623016

Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a self-regulated learner: An overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2

Published

2026-03-04

How to Cite

Salim, M. N. F. M., Salim, M. S. A. M., Shah, D. S. M., & Kusmawan, U. (2026). Threads and Informal English Language Learning among University Students . Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 11(36). Retrieved from https://ebpj.e-iph.co.uk/index.php/EBProceedings/article/view/7800

Issue

Section

Communications / Social Media Environment