Thermal–Spatial Strategies for Rural Dwellings: Environment–Behaviour Nexus in Northern China

Abstract

Rapid rural transformation in northern China poses challenges to thermal adaptation and residential satisfaction amid changing climatic conditions. This study investigates the interrelationships among spatial configuration, material properties, courtyard morphology, and occupants’ adaptive behaviours in rural housing contexts. Based on survey data collected from 383 respondents and analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM), the study evaluates the structural relationships linking dwelling typology, thermal comfort, and residential satisfaction. The findings reveal that dwelling typology significantly influences spatial organisation, courtyard performance, and perceived thermal comfort. Moreover, spatial configuration serves as a mediating factor in shaping residential satisfaction. These insights contribute to the formulation of climate-responsive rural housing strategies that integrate passive environmental design with occupant-driven adaptive behaviours.