Ocular and Visual Activities-related Complaints among Healthy Smokers: a Cross-sectional Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v8i24.4682Keywords:
Smoking, Ocular Complaint, Ocular Discomfort, Dry EyeAbstract
Smoking and the harmful compound in smoke has been associated with many deleterious effects on the eye. Yet, the ocular and visual-related complaints that may arise due to physiological changes are inadequately explored. This study aimed to investigate the effect of smoking behaviour on ocular symptoms. A self-administered questionnaire describing the ocular surface discomfort and visual-related activities was distributed to healthy smokers. Majority of smokers reported severe dry eye symptoms and often complained of glare disability. A comparison of reported symptoms between groups showed older-aged, dual smokers, longer duration of smoking, and current-daily smokers obtained significantly higher scores (p<0.005).
References
Ab Rahman, J., Mohd Yusoff, M. F., Nik Mohamed, M. H., Mahadir Naidu, B., Lim, K. H., Tee, G. H., Mohamad, M. S., Kartiwi, M., Draman, S., Ab Rahman, N. S., & Aris, T. (2019). The Prevalence of E-Cigarette Use Among Adults in Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 31(7_suppl), 9S-21S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539519834735 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539519834735
Ağın, A., Kocabeyoğlu, S., Çolak, D., & İrkeç, M. (2020). Ocular Surface, Meibomian Gland Alterations, and In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Characteristics of Corneas in Chronic Cigarette Smokers. Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 258(4), 835–841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04547-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04547-0
Agrawal, N., Jharawa, M., Paharia, N., & Bansal, K. (2018). Effect of smoking on ocular surface and tear film: A clinico- pathological study. Advances in Ophthalmology & Visual System, 8(5), 241–244. https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00329 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00329
Ayhan, Z., Kaya, M., Ozturk, T., Karti, O., & Oner, F. H. (2017). Evaluation of macular perfusion in healthy smokers by using optical coherence tomography angiography. Ophthalmic Surgery Lasers and Imaging Retina, 48(8), 617–622. https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20170802-03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20170802-03
Bardak, H., Gunay, M., Bardak, Y., Ercalik, Y., Imamoglu, S., Yildiz, E., & Gunay, B. O. (2017). Evaluation of the acute changes in objective accommodation, pupil size and ocular wavefront aberrations after cigarette smoking. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 36(1), 25–28. https://doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2016.1141417 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2016.1141417
Beltrán-Zambrano, E., García-Lozada, D., & Ibáñez-Pinilla, E. (2019). Risk of cataract in smokers: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Archivos de La Sociedad Española de Oftalmología (English Edition), 94(2), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oftale.2018.10.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oftale.2018.10.011
Burki, T. K. (2021). WHO releases latest report on the global tobacco epidemic. The Lancet. Oncology, 22(9), 1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00464-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00464-2
Chia, E.-M. M., Mitchell, P., Rochtchina, E., Lee, A. J., Maroun, R., & Wang, J. J. (2003). Prevalence and associations of dry eye syndrome in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, 31(974159), 229–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9071.2003.00634.x
Cınar, E., Yuce, B., Zengin, M. O., & Kucukerdonmez, C. (2019). The Effect of Nicotine on Macular Microcirculation in Healthy Subjects. Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers & Imaging Retina, 50(11), 691–700. https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20191031-04 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20191031-04
Galor, A., & Lee, D. J. (2011). Effects of smoking on ocular health. In Current Opinion in Ophthalmology (Vol. 22, Issue 6, pp. 477–482). https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e32834bbe7a DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0b013e32834bbe7a
Hashmani, N., Mustafa, F. G., Tariq, M. A., Ali, S. F., Bukhari, F., Memon, A. S., & Hashmani, S. (2020). Distribution and Correlation of Ocular Surface Disease Index Scores in a Non-Clinical Population: The Karachi Ocular Surface Disease Study. Cureus, 12(7). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9193
Huang, F. C., Tseng, S. H., Shih, M. H., & Chen, F. K. (2002). Effect of artificial tears on corneal surface regularity, contrast sensitivity, and glare disability in dry eyes. Ophthalmology, 109(10), 1934–1940. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01136-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01136-3
Hum, W. L., Hsien, C. C. M., & Nantha, Y. S. (2016). A review of smoking research in Malaysia. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 71(June), 29–41. Institute for Public Health (IPH), National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia. 2020. National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2019: Vol. I: NCDs – Non-Communicable Diseases: Risk Factors and other Health Problems.
Kaymaz, A., Ulaş, F., Toprak, G., Uyar, E., & Çelebi, S. (2020). Evaluation of the acute effects of cigarette smoking on the eye of non-Smoking healthy young male subjects by optical coherence tomography angiography. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 39(2), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2020.1753762 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15569527.2020.1753762
Krishnaiah, S., Das, T., Nirmalan, P. K., Nutheti, R., Shamanna, B. R., Rao, G. N., & Thomas, R. (2005). Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: Findings from the Andhra Pradesh Eye Disease Study in south India. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 46(12), 4442–4449. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.05-0853 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.05-0853
Krishnaiah, S., Vilas, K., Shamanna, B. R., Rao, G. N., Thomas, R., & Balasubramanian, D. (2005). Smoking and its association with cataract: Results of the Andhra Pradesh eye disease study from India. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 46(1), 58–65. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.04-0089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.04-0089
Lim, K. H., Teh, C. H., Pan, S., Ling, M. Y., Yusoff, M. F. M., Ghazali, S. M., Kee, C. C., Lim, K. K., Chong, K. H., & Lim, H. L. (2018). Prevalence and factors associated with smoking among adults in Malaysia: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2015. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 16(January), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/82190 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/82190
Makrynioti, D., Zagoriti, Z., Koutsojannis, C., Morgan, P. B., & Lagoumintzis, G. (2020). Ocular conditions and dry eye due to traditional and new forms of smoking: A review. In Contact Lens and Anterior Eye (Vol. 43, Issue 3, pp. 277–284). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2020.02.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clae.2020.02.009
Mantelli, F., Massaro-Giordano, M., Macchi, I., Lambiase, A., & Bonini, S. (2013). The cellular mechanisms of dry eye: From pathogenesis to treatment. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 228(12), 2253–2256. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24398 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24398
Martheswaran, T., Shmunes, M. H., Ronquillo, Y. C., & Moshirfar, M. (2021). The impact of vaping on ocular health: a literature review. In International Ophthalmology (Vol. 41, Issue 8, pp. 2925–2932). Springer Science and Business Media B.V. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-021-01842-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10792-021-01842-w
Md Isa, N. A., Koh, P. Y., & Doraj, P. (2019). The Tear Function in Electronic Cigarette Smokers. Optometry and Vision Science, 96(9), 678–685. https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001422 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000001422
Najmee, N. A. B. A., Nasir, M. N. A. B. A., Muhammad, N., & Asyraf Wan Mahmood, W. M. (2022). Smoking Behaviour and Dry Eye Symptoms among Uitm Puncak Alam Students during Covid 19. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 18, 293–300. https://doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs18.s15.41 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47836/mjmhs.18.s15.41
Ortiz-Peregrina, S., Ortiz, C., Franceso, |, José, M. |, & Castro-Torres, J. (2021). Dynamics of the accommodative response after smoking cannabis. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 41. https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/opo.12851
Rahman, A. A. A., Badarudin, N. E., Azemin, M. Z. C., & Ariffin, A. E. (2017). Development of a Bahasa Melayu Version of Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI).International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 1(1), 2016. https://journals.iium.edu.my/ijahs/index.php/IJAHS/article/view/51
Satici, A., Bitiren, M., Ozardali, I., Vural, H., Kilic, A., & Guzey, M. (2003). The effects of chronic smoking on the ocular surface and tear characteristics: A clinical, histological and biochemical study. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica, 81(6), 583–587. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1395-3907.2003.00158.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1395-3907.2003.00158.x
Sayin, N., Kara, N., Pekel, G., & Altinkaynak, H. (2014). Effects of chronic smoking on central corneal thickness, endothelial cell, and dry eye parameters. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 33(3), 201–205. https://doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2013.832688 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3109/15569527.2013.832688
Sloane, M.E., Ball, K., Owsley, C., Bruni, J.R., Roenker, D. L. (1992). Visual Activities Questionnaire (VAQ). Applied Optics, 30(16), 2071. https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.30.002071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.30.002071
Spadea, L., Maraone, G., Verboschi, F., Vingolo, E. M., & Tognetto, D. (2016). Effect of corneal light scatter on vision: A review of the literature. International Journal of Ophthalmology, 9(3), 459–464. https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2016.03.24 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2016.03.24
Talhout, R., Schulz, T., Florek, E., van Benthem, J., Wester, P., & Opperhuizen, A. (2011). Hazardous compounds in tobacco smoke. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(2), 613–628. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020613 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8020613
Wei, A., Hong, J., Sun, X., & Xu, J. (2011). Evaluation of age-related changes in human palpebral conjunctiva and meibomian glands by in vivo confocal microscopy. Cornea, 30(9), 1007–1012. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e31820ca468 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e31820ca468
World Health Organisation. (2018). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2000-2025 , second edition ISBN 978-92-4-151417-0 Suggested citation : Suggested citation : WHO report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking second WHO global global report on trends in pre.
Zengin, M. O., Cinar, E., & Kucukerdonmez, C. (2014). The effect of nicotine on choroidal thickness. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 98(2), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304044 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2013-304044
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Shaz' Ain Razak, Nur Farhana Kamarul Zaman, Nazmir Azrul Noor Azizi, Nur Farah Danisha Sulaiman, Tejpal Sohal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
